Part one of this report looked at the Parkway School District switching to an earlier start time. Some students and parents believe start times before 8 a.m. are too early. Parkway officials note the school day is pinched on both ends by bus schedules, class time, after-school activities, homework and family time.

For Parkway students like Zack Becker, the school day starts early. The Parkway North High School sophomore is in marching band. During band season, the group met at 6:30 a.m. for practice, meaning Becker had to get up at 5:45 a.m. to get to school.

“I’m averaging six hours of sleep a night,” he said.

Fatigue affected Becker’s grades, which dropped from a 4.0 as a freshman to a 3.4 in his first semester.

Dr. John Spivey, a pediatricican and sleep medicine expert at Mercy Children’s Hospital said should get about nine and a half hours of sleep a night.

Early to bed?

Getting teenagers to go to sleep earlier is no easy task, explained Spivey.

“Around age 12 to 14, when a child hits puberty, there’s a natural shift in their sleep clock,” he said. “Their circadian rhythm, their internal clock, basically skips ahead two hours. Typically, a teenager really cannot go to bed at 8 o’clock. Their internal clocks are telling them to go to bed at 10 or 11 o’clock."

To get enough sleep, teens would need to sleep until 7 a.m., he said.

“Then, you’re fighting after-school activities, sports, jobs, social time, homework, family time,” Spivey said.

• Read More: about teens and sleep from the National Sleep Foundation.

As a result, few teens get enough sleep during a school week, so they catch up on weekends, trying to repay the “sleep debt.” However, sleeping until noon or 2 p.m. can further throw their circadian rhythm out of whack, Spivey said.

He pointed to a Stanford sleep study showing sleeping students simply did not perform well in school.

“It can affect your immune system, too,” Spivey said. “It can affect your mood. Adolescents talk about changes in their moods. Add in hormone changes and you have mood swings.”

Katherine Wessling sends her daughter to Compton-Drew Middle School, a magnet school in the St. Louis School District. After class times moved to 7 a.m. this year, her 12-year-old daughter dropped out of all after-school activities because she was too tired.

Wessling also said that a principal told her it had nine more of its most serious disciplinary incidents after the time change.

Who’s on first?

Spivey said elementary students can and should go to bed at 8 or 8:30 a.m., and are awake and energetic at 6 a.m. after 10 hours of sleep.

 “It really makes sense for elementary school students to go to school first,” Spivey said.

There’s not universal agreement on that. It brings up issues with younger children waiting for buses while it’s still dark out, Snider said. After-school childcare becomes an issue, too.

Then again, Snider said teenagers can get into trouble in the unsupervised period before parents get home form work. 

“The research has been accumulating. There’s evidence that it’s bad education, bad for society and bad for equity,” she said. “Disadvantaged students suffer twice as much as other students.”

Snider said a Brookings Institute study found that even when changing start times has a high upfront cost, investing the resources to alter schedules for buses and after-school activities can pay off.

An Air Force Academy study shows that students who start school after 8 a.m. perform better. It’s the equivalent of a poor teacher with an average teacher, the study found.

 “This isn’t just about student achievement,” Snider said. “We’re doing long-term damage in terms of weight gain, depression and suicide.”

Attention to attendance

Despite the earlier start times, Tandy said Parkway high school attendance has basically stayed the same as last year, and three of the schools are slightly higher.

Still, Snider believes later start times are worthwhile for students and schools.

“About 70 percent of the kids in this country are seriously sleep deprived,” she said. “Our children’s achievement should be what’s most important to us, not a bus schedule.”

What is your child's start time? Do you think it's appropriate? Please share you opinions in the comments section.